Oberlin, Ohio
D-Day was one of the most important battles of WW2.
During D-Day, the Allies smashed German defenses in France
and allowed the Allies to pour into Europe and defeat the
Nazi's. For my project, I covered everything I could think
about, including defense, commanders, heroes, and what
happened before. I chose this project because my dad is in
the army. He does intelligence and and is teaching at the
U.S. Army War College. Also, because I have always been
fascinated with military history. I hoped to learn exactly what happened during D-Day and
how the Allies obtained victory. It was also important to
know about the sacrifices that the men of D-Day made because
I want to join the army one day. I think I learned a lot
about D-Day, but I most definitely did not learn everything.
It is impossible to know everything about D-Day because so
much happened that was never recorded. The project turned
out better than I expected because I collected so much
information. During my research, the web was a huge help for my
project. I went to about a dozen web sites. Books I found
were also very helpful. The difficult part for me was
writing down information and remembering if I had already
written it down. I did not use magazines or videos at all
for my topic. Another difficulty for me was finding someone
to interview, but I found a person to interview on the web
who also turned out to be my moms friend's husband. So it
all turned out very well. The Allies invaded Normandy (a province of France) for a
couple of reasons. First, the Soviet dictator, Joseph Stalin
(1879 - 1953), demanded that Franklin D. Roosevelt. (1882 -
1945), the 32nd resident of the United States, and Winston
Churchill (1864 - 1965), the Prime Minister of England,that
they open up a Western Front in Europe. He had been after
them to do this for a while; ever since the Soviet Union
entered the war in 1940 when Germany broke there peace
treaty with Russia and invaded Russia. Stalin believed that
without a second front in Europe, the Allies could not win
the war. There were also political reasons for opening up a
western front, Stalin feared that Winston Churchill and
Franklin D. Roosevelt would sign a peace treaty with
Germany. However, Stalin finally convinced Winston Churchill
and Franklin D. Roosevelt to launch an invasion in the west,
which eventually led up to D-Day (Operation Overload). Secrecy was vital for Operation Overload. In fact, it was
so secret it was Bigot. What is Bigot? Bigot is a level of
secrecy higher than top secret. Only people with a special
Bigot pass could look at the Operation Overloads plans. Once
at a party, a Major General casually mentioned to the guests
that D-Day was going to be before June 15. When Eisenhower
(the supreme commander of D-Day) heard of this, he reduced
the Major General three ranks to a Lieutenant Colonel and
sent him home. Incidents also happened that made the Allies think that
the Nazi's had figured out about D-Day. Once, during a bomb
raid in London, a bomb was dropped on a intelligence officer
that carried Operation Overloads plans. The officer was
killed instantly, and the plans were never found. Another
curious incident was a series of English crossword puzzles
that included words like Omaha, Utah, Mulberry, Overload,
and Neptune. These crosswords contained the names of the two
American beaches (Omaha and Utah), the overall invasion
strategy (Overload), the channel attack plan (Neptune) and
the artificial harbor project (Mulberry). The writers of the
crossword puzzle were questioned but could not find any
sinister connection to the Nazis. This case was
forgotten. The artificial harbors were called Mulberries. They were
invented because the Allies needed a way to deliver fresh
supplies to the troops in Normandy. Without supplies, the
commanders of the Allies understood the invasion would
eventually fail. This remarkable project was done by sinking
old ships and huge concrete breakwaters called Phoenix
caissons. The roads that would cross the channel were made
from pontoons. Mulberries worked efficiently and were a
wonderful success. Soldiers were put were put through harsh and intensive
training to prepare for D-Day. They learned how to swim with
their uniform, helmet and boots. They could do twenty-five
push-ups, run three hundred yards in less than forty-five
seconds, crawl fifty yards under barbed wire, carry a man
piggy-back twenty-five yards (seventy-five ft.) without
stopping, and march nine miles in under forty-five minutes.
Once during a landing drill, German U-boats (submarines)
attacked the fleet that was practicing and sunk a ship and
killed seven hundred men. The Allies did many sham battles.
Fake battles were used to help men get a better experience
in battle. Paratroopers, also, did many practice jumps to
train, but none of them would compare to what they would
face on D-Day. The Commanders of D-Day knew fuel would be an obvious
target for Germans, but they needed a way to deliver fuel to
the the tanks, trucks, jeeps, half - tracks, planes, etc.,
at Normandy. So the Allies made a project called PLUTO -
Pipe Line Under The Ocean. They made a underwater pipe -
line crossing the channel from England to France. The
advantages of PLUTO was that they could carry the fuel to
the vehicles over in France, the disadvantages of PLUTO were
if PLUTO had a spill, it would not be good for the Allies or
the environment. To fool the Nazi's into thinking where they
would invade, they created a 'phantom army' around Southern
England, it was mostly concentrated at Dover to make the
Nazi's think they were going to attack the city of Calais, a
couple of miles north of where they really were going to
attack. It also made the Germans think there were more men
then there really were. Therefore, the Germans sent most of
there men and Panzers (tanks) over to Calais. On Sat, June 3, 1945, troops were already on their ships
and were prepared to attack Normandy, but horrible weather
was forecast. June 5, the original date for D-Day, was
therefore canceled. The question was whether D-Day would
happen on the sixth. Eisenhower called a meeting with his
main advisors. June 5th, 6th, 7th, were the only days
perfect for an attack, these days had a low tide, so ships
could land easily, and a full moon so paratroopers could
see. The weather report said that the bad weather would calm
down on the 6th but more bad weather was forecast on the
7th, so Eisenhower decided that June 6, 1944 would be the
day of the attack. Eisenhower needed to insure that the Nazi's would not
react to quickly to an invasion. To make sure they would not
react, Eisenhower ordered the bombings of bridges, railways,
and roadways so that the German Army could not send
reinforcements. For every bomb dropped in Normandy, two were
dropped elsewhere, so the Nazi's would not suspect Normandy
as the place where the Allies would invade. The Germans sent secret agents over to England and
dropped them by parachutes. They soon radioed back to the
Germans and said they had landed successfully. Unknown to
the Germans, the secret agents were working for the Allies.
These double - agents gave fake information to the Nazi's,
like telling them that the Allies would attack farther up
north than Normandy at the port of Calais. The double-agents
were very useful. Both the Allies and the Germans had generals and leaders
to plan and lead Normandy and to defend it. On the Allies
side was General Eisenhower. He was promoted from a colonel
to a Four Star General and Supreme Commander of D-Day. His
job was to make the plans of D-Day, decide where it was, how
to attack, when it was and other various things. After World
War Two he became president of the United States from
1953-1961. Another Allied Commander was General Omar Bradley
(1895-1981). He was in charge of the American troops at
D-Day. After his forces liberated Paris, he was promoted to
Commander of the Twelfth Army, which had over 4 million men.
He defeated the German forces in France, Belgium,
Luxembourg, Germany and Czechoslovakia. After WW2, he was
head of the Veterans Administration from 1945- 1947, Army
Chief of Staff (1948-1949) and the Joint Chief of Staff
(1949-1953). In 1950 he promoted to a 5-Star General; the
highest rank in the U.S. Army. He retired in 1953. Bernard Law Montgomery was in charge of the British and
Canadian forces at D-Day. He was born in 1887 in London,
England. In 1942 Winston Churchill appointed him Commander
of the British 8th Army. Montgomery, also, successfully
captured Sicily (a island off of Italy). After Sicily, he
pushed back Erwin Rommel in Egypt. Rommel was one of the
great German Generals who fought in Egypt and other various
places. Also, Rommel was later in charge of the German
defenses of the French Sector of the Atlantic Wall. The
Atlantic Wall was a line of defense that stretched all
across Western Europe at it's coastline. Several months
after D-Day, Montgomery was put in charge of all the
British, Canadian and American troops in the Northern sector
of his command. Montgomery died in 1976. He was one of the
great Generals of WW2. The Nazi's had many men commanding defenses that would
involve D-Day, but their leader was easily one of the most
loathsome and racist person ever to walk on the Earth. His
name is Adolph Hitler. He was born in Braunau, Austria in
1889 and was the cause of millions of deaths worldwide due
to the war he started, and the genocide of the Jews and
gypsies. Hitler advocated a philosophy that a pure Arian
race would take over the world. He started the Second World
War in 1939 when he invaded Poland. When the Japanese
attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941, Adolph Hitler also declared
war on America a few days later. He was the Chancellor ( a
dictator) of Germany from 1933 - 1945. He died in April 20,
1945 in Berlin, where he committed suicide by taking
poison. There were two Generals who were in charge of the
Atlantic Wall. General Runsdet (1878 - 1953) was one of
them, and he commanded all the Nazi forces in Western
Europe. He also contributed to the invasion of Poland and
France. The other General was Field Marshall Erwin Rommel,
also known as the "Desert Fox" because of his campaigns with
his Panzer (tanks) divisions in North Africa. After North
Africa, Rommel was assigned to defenses in the Atlantic
Wall, where he commanded Army Group B. He later took part in
the assassination of Hitler, which failed. He committed
suicide to save his family. Defense along the Atlantic Wall was necessary for the
Nazi's, but it obviously got in the way of the Allies.
First, I must explain what exactly the Atlantic Wall is. It
was not necessarily a wall, but a line of defense that
stretched all along the coast of Western Europe. These
defenses ranged from mines, hedgehogs, (A kind of metal jack
used to rip out the bottoms of boats) to machine gun nests.
There were also several huge guns strategically placed so
the guns could bombard any beach. One of the more famous
guns was Point Du Hoe (or Hoc). That was the sight that the
116th Ranger Battalion had to capture. Other defenses that
Field Marshall (what Germans called Generals) Rommel made
was dummy mine fields, dummy machine gun nests and dummy
artillery so that Allied bombers would bomb the dummies and
not the real thing. A major mistake the Field Marshall Runsdet made with
defense was not bringing his three Panzer divisions to the
French coast. Field Marshall Rommel had pushed him to do
this for a while, but Field Marshall Runsdet refused. Field
Marshall Runsdet believed that he should let the Allies come
in closer to Paris before he destroyed them with his
divisions. This tactic of course, proved to be a mistake
because the Allies could get tanks of there own and destroy
the Panzers, where at D-Day there were almost no tanks.
Could Field Marshall Runsdet have stopped the Allies at
D-Day if he had sent up his Panzer divisions? We will never
know. The Allies needed armored support and heavy artillery, so
they made an invention, a Sherman Tank that could float. The
Sherman Tanks had collapsible canvas and rubber sides filled
with air so they could float. They moved slowly in the
water. The weather also proved to be more powerful than the
tanks. There was choppy seas and wind. Most of the tanks
sunk in the water before they got ashore. If tanks got
ashore they there would have been less casualties. Before the Allies had invaded Normandy and waded ashore,
1,000 bombers of the British Royal Air force and 1,365
bombers of the American 8th Air force were to pummel
Normandy with 9,000 tons of bombs. However, misty and cloudy
skies made it hard for the pilot to see where the bombs were
dropping. As a result, the bombs missed their targets and
blew up Normandy's green fields, terrifying the cows. Soldiers used light machine guns, flame throwers, light
mortars (a small artillery fighting piece) and the standard
weapon back then, the Garand M-1. The M-1 was 9.5 pounds and
43.22 inches. Soldiers used flame throwers during D-Day to
destroy German machine-gun emplacements by spurting the
jelly - like fire into them burning everything inside. The
mortars were also used to attack German machine gun nests
and other things like groups of soldiers. Weapons were and
are one of the most vital and necessary tools in D-Day. Each of the five beaches had a terrain that made the
fighting difficult easy or difficult and bloody. Omaha's
terrain is an example. Omaha, an American landing site, was
backed up by a one hundred-foot bluff. Soldiers had to go
upwards to destroy German defenses. Juno, another beach for
the Canadians, had a bluff twice as high as the one in
Omaha. As a result, Omaha and Juno were the most bloodiest
beaches during D-Day. Sword and Gold, the British beaches
had a roughly flat surface. These beaches (Gold and Juno)
terrain were also one of the reasons that the beaches were
so successful, because they didn't have to climb up to
destroy the enemy, which made their job easier. They Navy contributed greatly to the Allies by sending
various amounts of destroyers, landing craft, amphibious
trucks and many other types of ships. These amphibious
trucks were called Ducks. They were the fusion of a boat and
a truck. During D-Day Ducks carried artillery. But the
choppy weather and rough seas sunk most of the Ducks and
artillery before they got ashore. Ducks were proved to be
not helpful during rough weather. It is clear that ducks
were only useful during calm weather. Of the 6,000 ships the Navy provided, 700 of them were
used as floating artillery. The biggest of these ships, like
the destroyers the Arkansas and the Texas, could fire shells
as far as seventeen miles! The ships ranged from giant
destroyers to little rocket launching ships, not much bigger
than L.C.V.P.s (Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel). There were
so many ships that they literally rained the German defense
with shells. The amazing thing is that a surprising amount
of Germans survived the largest bombardment in history. The landing craft that carried the soldiers to to the
beaches of France were called L.C.V.P.s. They were the
smallest of all the landing craft and could hold thirty -
two men. They were built to to go right into shallow water.
Their square bows could be lowered like a drawbridge and men
could run out. Conditions inside the L.C.V.P.s were
horrible. There were no seats and everybody was cramped and
seasick. The deck was slick with vomit. L.C.V.P.s were
uncomfortable but very useful during D-Day. Soldiers were the backbone of the entire attack at D-Day.
This may come as a surprise to some people, but there were
dozens of types of soldiers. Each of them filled with a
unique function and each have their characteristics. Like a
flamethrower carried a flamethrower, demolitioners carried
explosives and wires, etc. Every single soldier showed
undaunted courage and bravery. Being a soldier is not easy,
but neither is fighting a war. The standard L.C.V.P. carried carried many types of
soldiers to D-Day. Of the thirty - two men, there was one
junior officer and five riflemen with M-1's. Each had 96
bullets, five hand grenades and four smoke grenades. Next
came another four men with rifles, but they were a special
wire cutting team used to cut barbed wire. The next section
came two Browning Automatic teams with two people to a team.
They had a gun called a bar that shot rapid fire. Each had
nine hundred rounds of ammunition. After that, came two men
with bazookas. They were followed by a four man light mortar
team and a flamethrower team made up of two men who used a
device that spurted a slightly jellied gasoline through the
air. finally, there was a five - man demolition team. They
were supposed to stick dynamite (T.N.T.) onto concrete
walls, gun emplacements or any stronghold. There were many
types of soldiers that contributed to D-Day, each in their
own unique way. To get behind enemy lines during D-Day, paratroopers used
Hara Gliders and bomber - like planes. The first
paratroopers were called pathfinders. Their job was to guide
the other paratroopers to the correct position. However,
because it was night and it was hard to see, most of the
pathfinders themselves were dropped in the wrong position.
The rest of the paratroopers were also dropped in the wrong
area. The British paratroopers job was capturing bridges
which would prove vital for the Allies. Paratroopers had a
tough time in D-Day. The Rangers of the 116th Ranger Battalion, 29th infantry
division had to capture a difficult battery position at
Point Du Hoe (Hoc). There were about 6 guns or more. The
guns were on top of a steep, rocky cliff. The Rangers had to
climb up the cliff to capture the German guns. The Rangers
used grappling hooks to climb up the cliff. The Germans
simply cut the ropes or shot down the Rangers. Finally,
though, the Rangers managed to kill the Germans and climb up
the cliff. When they were on top, they did not find guns,
but telephone poles. The Germans had moved the guns to a
safer position. The Rangers eventually destroyed the guns
with heat grenades. The sites of D-Day each have their own stories and
casualties. Each was successful and helped bring a closer
end to World War Two. The five beaches of D-Day were Omaha
U.S.), Utah (U.S.), Juno (Canada), Sword (UK) and Gold (UK).
Omaha and Juno were easily the bloodiest because so many
people died. The other three beaches were pretty easy to
capture compared to Omaha and Utah because there were so
little casualties compared to Omaha and Utah. The beaches of
D-Day all had different levels of difficulty. Omaha was the
zone for the 1st and 29th infantry divisions. It was so
bloody they nicknamed it Bloody Omaha. Originally, there
were poorly trained troops stationed there, but by
coincidence two well trained divisions were stationed there
for training. That extra man power contributed greatly to
the enormous loss on Omaha, which was about 2,000 lives.
Another reason was probably because Omaha was backed by one
hundred-foot bluffs. Normandy was the general area that the Allied commanders
picked for D-Day. It was the sight of all five beaches. It
was chosen by Eisenhower because it was close enough for air
support, and also close enough so that unloading operations
could take place. Eisenhower knew that the Germans thought
they would attack farther up north at Calais, the narrowest
part between France and England. The Allies emphasized this
idea to fool the Germans even more. The Allies thought that
the widest area would strategically be the best. As it
turned out, Normandy was going to be the sight of the
greatest amphibious assault in the history of the world. Juno, the Canadian beach, was the next bloodiest beach,
mainly because tricky tides and currents forced boats off
course and put them thirty minutes behind schedule. So when
they arrived on the beach the obstacles and mines were
covered, and that it why many of the casualties were when
mines hit the boats and blew them up. Another problem was
the defense. They faced eleven heavy batteries (huge guns),
nine medium batteries, as well machine gun nests, pill
boxes, and other concrete fortifications. Their objectives
was to capture the Caen - Bayeux road. The Canadian 3rd,
despite these many challenges, overcame them and drove
14,000 soldiers into France. Utah was the landing zone for the 4th division. Smoke
confused the Allies and made them land in the wrong place.
If they had landed in the right place, they would have faced
the same slaughter that they faced at Omaha. Another reason
it was so easy was because the 82nd and 101st Airborne
divisions were distracting most of the German defenders. The
4th division lost only two hundred men. The flat terrain
also contributed to this victory. Utah was a easy beach. The British beaches were Sword and Gold. They were to be
captured by the 3rd and 50th infantry division. The beaches
were both a success. At Gold, machine gun fire sprayed the
beaches, causing many casualties. The British destroyer, the
H.M.S. Ajax, silenced a battery with it's gun, but that was
not enough. Machine gun fire still sprayed the beach with
bullets because the warships were missing there targets.
Finally, the soldiers smashed through the Atlantic Wall and
drove inland. Sword beach was different. It was as easy to
capture as Utah, because defenses were weak and scattered.
They drove 5 miles inland. All the beaches had their own
difficulties and barriers, but the Allies were successful at
capturing them. Operation Overload might not have been won if it was not
for the heroes of D-Day. The first wave of attackers at
Omaha were pinned down at the edge of the beach. There was
not much difference for the second wave. They to were at the
edge of the bluff. Out of range from the machine guns. Then,
a few brave men stood up and fought back. There were
countless heroes whose deeds were never recorded, but their
actions helped to end the war. Private Ingram E. Lambert was one of the heroes who could
not be stopped. His L.C.V.P. and a couple other L.C.V.P.s
landed way off-course. They faced heavy machine gun fire as
soon as the ramps were let down. They scrambled across the
beach for cover. No one did anything for about
fifteen-twenty minutes. Finally, Lambert got a bangalore
torpedo, a highly explosive charge with a long pipe designed
to blow a path through barbed wire and minefields. When
Lambert used the bangalore, it did not blow up and Lambert
never had a chance to fix it because machine gun bullets
killed him at that precise moment. He might not have
succeeded in his mission, but his actions inspired his
platoon leader to finish the job, and Lamberts Company, (C
Company), was on the move. Lambert did a great act of
bravery. 1st Lieutenant William D. Moody was another hero that
helped the Allied war effort during D-Day. He was a officer
at C company of the 2nd Ranger Battalion, the outfit at
Point Du Hoe/Hoc. His company's job was to destroy guns at a
place called Pointe de la Percee. The first casualties was
when Moody lost twelve men from an anti - tank gun. By the
time they got cover at the cliffs, only twenty-four of the
sixty-four men were alive. Moody had to do something, so he
and two other men followed the cliff for about three hundred
yards away from their positions. He found a path where they
could secretly attack the Germans. The attack was successful
and his company was the first on high ground. Of the many men who helped obtain victory in Omaha, one
of them was Captain Joseph T. Dawson. He commanded Company G
of the 16th regiment. Dawson lost about 1/4 of his men
getting to the cliff. They still advanced. Dawson and some
of his men went through a minefield. While Company G was
catching up, Dawson and another man went ahead and
discovered a machine gun nest. Dawson threw a grenade and
destroyed it. Company G became the most powerful and deepest
advance in Omaha. All these heroes completed acts of bravery
in order to win the war and save their comrades, and out of
pure courage. These soldiers were truly heroes. The American and British paratroopers both fought
bravely. Although the American paratroopers were not as
successful as the British paratroopers, they were still
successful. The British Airborne was to attack the eastern
flank of the British and Canadian beaches. They had to
capture some difficult German positions. They also had to
capture two bridges and a canal intact. Then they had to
destroy five bridges five miles from the Orne River.
Finally, they had to capture a Nazi coastal battery at the
city of Merville. The American 82nd and 101st had to secure
the roads and towns there so the invading Allied force could
come without any trouble. The 101st landed way off their
targets into man - made swamps seven feet deep. Although the
101st was scattered they eventually finished their
objectives in small groups. Paratroopers overcame many
hardships but prevailed. Field Marshall Erwin Rommel was born in Heiden, Germany
on November 15th, 1891. He fought in WW1 and in the May of
1917 earned the Pour le Merte, a very high ranking metal.
During Hitler's reign, Hitler promoted him to a Major
General and his bodyguard during the Polish Campaign. Later,
in 1939, Rommel was put in charge of the 7th Panzer
division. With that division, he helped capture France and
his division earned the title, ghost or phantom division
because no one knew where they were. Later, he was put in
command of the Afrika Corps, and was placed in Africa. he
was later pushed back by Montgomery in Africa. After Africa,
he was put in charge of Army Group B, which defended
Normandy. Following D-Day, he saw the hopelessness in WW2
and participated in the plot to assassinate Hitler. Then he
had to commit suicide to protect his family on October 14,
1944. He was buried with full military honors. Many people have studied D-Day. Among the people who
study D-Day is the military historian. A military historian
needs to do a lot of research. he also needs to do a
hypothesis about how the Allies won the war and what the
Germans might have done to win the war, and theories like
that. another person whose job might be related to D-Day is
a general. To be a general one must start at the bottom of
the military and rank up, which requires a lot of training,
like staying in shape, target practice and how to handle
certain situations. A candidate for a general must be smart,
and know how to handle large groups of men and defeat the
enemy. Being a general requires a lot of training, mentally
and physically. * some people say that D-Day was not to defeat the
Germans but the Russians because they saw the fore coming
of the Cold War *Juno was divided into two sectors, Mike and Nam * The Canadians at Juno were given bicycles, which
were quickly discarded * paratroopers of the 101st painted and shaved
themselves to look like Native Americans Doing this project was a lot of fun. It was hard work and
was not easy. I enjoyed learning all about D-Day. Finding
someone to interview was hard and doing it was somewhat
embarrassing. Doing this project was good for me because it
swelled my brain with more facts. I.S.P. was also good for
me because my mom and I got closer together when she edited
my project. I could have decorated my project a little more
if I had time. I.S.P. was a great learning experience for
me. Glossary Armored Division - a division of tanks and armored
vehicles, not as big as a infantry division Atlantic Wall - a series of defenses such as guns,
soldiers, mines and batteries that defended the western
coastline of Europe Battery - a huge gun Division - a group of about 20,000 men Field Marshall - a German rank equal to a high ranking
general Glider - Aircraft that have no propellers, they carried
paratroopers to D-Day H-Hour - the hour that the Allies would attack
Normandy Infantry - soldiers Motor shell - a tubular device that explodes, when it
does, it erupts into thousands of pieces that zip around
with the force of bullets Mulberry - docks that the Allies brought with them, they
are made from sunken ships and concrete Operation Overload - the code word for D-Day rank - a system that determines what rank you are, you
can be promoted to a higher rank and can lose a rank Bibliography Bliven, Bruce. (1956). The Story of D-Day. New
York. DK. (2004). WW2 Battles and Leaders. New York. Drey, Ronald. (2004). Remember D-Day. Washington
D.C. Meyerhoff, Peter. Normandy. [Online] Available
http://search.eb.com/Normandy/week1/buildup.html. Rimlett, John. (1994). Rommel in his Own Words.
Mechanicsburg. Snyder, Louis. D-Day. [Online] Available
http://www.gogroilerencyclopedia. Stalin, Conrad. (1977). The Story of D-Day.
Unknown. Unknown. Normandy. [Online] Available http://galnet.galegroup.com/sewlet/SRC?txba=Normandy. .
* Winston Churchill was American
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